Když máte diagnostikovanou hypertenzi, znamená to, že máme krevní tlak nad normálními hodnotami a přehlížení tohoto stavu nese s sebou následky na cévách, srdci, i dalších orgánech. [71] Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. [27] eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain anti-hypertensive drugs on kidney function. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often "flashing lights"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and swelling. [71] The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart. O vysokém krevním tlaku se dá hovořit ve chvíli, kdy vám lékař nejméně při dvou oddělených měřeních zjistí hodnoty vyšší než 140/90 mm Hg. Krevní tlak, který bývá označován jako normální, se pohybuje v rozmezí 110/60 až 139/80. [17][18][19] High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the population globally. [57] Tablete s fiksno kombinacijo dveh vrst zdravil so na voljo; čeprav so priročne, je najbolje, da jih jemljejo samo tisti bolniki, ki vsebovane sestavine že jemljejo. [1] For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic and 60–80 mmHg diastolic. [140] People with refractory hypertension typically have increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and are at high risk for more severe cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. [8] Up to three medications taken concurrently can control blood pressure in 90% of people. Klíčový je tlak krve na stěny tepny. [5][7] Other thresholds are used (135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. Světová zdravotnická organizace (WHO) odhaduje, že až 40% lidí nad 25 let trpí tímto tichým, ale vážným nepřítelem. Za krvni tlak sta značilni dve meritvi, sistolični in diastolični tlak, odvisno od tega, ali se med dvema utripoma srca srčna mišica krči (sistola) ali sprošča (diastola), predstavljata pa najvišji in najnižji tlak. Za vse njih je dokazano, da pri ljudeh z visokim krvnim tlakom znatno zmanjšajo krvni tlak. [37][38] Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. Vysoký krevní tlak, který se odborně nazývá hypertenze, je nejčastějším a velmi nebezpečným onemocněním kardiovaskulárního systému. Podle nejnovějších doporučení Světové zdravotnické organizace má normální krevní tlak hodnoty 130/85 mm Hg, přičemž za optimální se považují hodnoty mírně pod 120/80 mm Hg. Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). [5][6] Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days. Zvyšuje se pravděpodobnost civilizačních onemocnění, mezi nimi také nemocí spojených s vysokým tlakem. [23][46] Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive eating of liquorice, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Je to závažný problém, který zvyšuje pravděpodobnost infarktu, mozkové mrtvice, selhání ledvin, poškození očí včetně oslepnutí, metabolického syndromu nebo i problémů s pamětí. Part I: definition and etiology", "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines", "Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation", "2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)", "2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)", "Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older", "Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults", "Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years", "Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research", "Hypertensive crises: challenges and management", "Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure", "Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies", "Management of hypertension in pregnant and postpartum women", "Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk", "Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension", "Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation", "Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study", "The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization", "The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions", "Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions", "Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients", "Winter Hypertension: Potential mechanisms", "Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Association between Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure among HEALS Cohort Participants", "Arsenic exposure and hypertension: a systematic review", "Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms", "Sex-Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies", "Reactivity of small blood vessels in hypertension: relation with structural changes. Dandanes se priporoča, da se otrokom, starejšim kot tri leta, preverja krvni tlak med rutinskimi zdravstvenimi pregledi; visok krvni tlak mora pri tem biti potrjen na večkratnih obiskih, pred se za otroka diagnosticira hipertenzijo. [14] The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit[7][15][16] and others finding unclear benefit. [151] In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. V případě poškození cév vede k srdečním onemocněním, onemocněním ledvin, mozkové příhodě a dalším problémům. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. [3] Drugi simptomi, ki spremljajo hipertenzivno krizo, so med drugim lahko poslabšanje vida, ali zasoplost zaradi odpovedi srca, ali pa splošen občutek slabosti zaradi odpovedi ledvic. Špenát se odedávna doporučoval na vysoký krevní tlak (obsahuje hodně draslíku, který reguluje krevní tlak), anémii a také zácpu. Pomemben dosežek je pomenilo odkritje prvih oralno razpoložljivih učinkovin brez večjih stranskih učinkov. Faktory zvyšující riziko vzniku hypertenze souvisí především se správnou životosprávou. Bolečina v prsnem košu je lahko znak za okvaro srčne mišice (ki lahko napreduje v infarkt srčne mišice) ali včasih v disekcijo aorte, t. j. raztrg notranje stene aorte. [2], Razširjenost visokega krvnega tlaka pri mladih narašča. [26] In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage,[26] however, there is a lack of randomized controlled trial evidence for this approach. [23] Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of death of the baby around the time of birth. Tudíž lidé, kteří užívají Warfarin (prostředek na ředění krve) si musí dávat větší pozor na konzumaci špenátu. Pokud se objeví známky preeklampsie (závažný stav, nebezpečný pro ženu i plod! [8] Lifestyle changes include weight loss, physical exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, and a healthy diet. [90] The 2020 International Society of Hypertension guidelines define hypertension based on office blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or home monitoring blood pressure ≥135/85 mmHg, or 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure average ≥130/80 mmHg (daytime average ≥135/85 mmHg or nighttime average BP ≥120/70 mmHg). [55] The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. These groups recommend a target below the range 140–160 / 90–100 mmHg for the general population. Some people with high blood pressure report headaches (particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), as well as lightheadedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or fainting episodes. Co je však alarmující - stále častěji ho můžeme pozorovat iu mladistvých a dětí. Mnohdy se tedy tomuto onemocnění říká neinfekčníepidemie a také se často zařazuje do skupiny civilizačníchchorob. inhibitor angiotenzin konvertaze + zaviralec za receptorje angiotenzina), zaviralci renin-angiotenzin in beta zaviralci, beta-zaviralci in agenti, ki učinkujejo centralno. [136] Failing to take prescribed medications as directed is an important cause of resistant hypertension. Po oceni Ameriškega združenja za srce so neposredni in posredni stroški visokega krvnega tlaka v letu 2010 znašali 76.6 milijard dolarjev. U zbývajících 10 % je vysoký krevní tlak způsoben jinými nemocemi. Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive. [10] High blood pressure typically does not cause symptoms. Visok krvni tlak je pogostejši pri moških (čeprav menopavza to razliko zmanjšuje), in pri osebah z nizkim socialno ekonomskim statusom. Če se meritve opravlja v okviru iz 24-urnega spremljanja ambulantno ali pa doma, se uporabljajo nižje pragove (135 mmHg sistolično ali 85 mmHg diastolično). [73] An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor organ function. indeks telesne mase 20-25 kg / m, zmanjšanje vnosa natrija na <100 mmol / dan (<6 g natrijevega klorida ali <2,4 g natrija na dan), redne aerobne telesne dejavnosti, kot so hitra hoja (≥ 30 min na dan, večino dni v tednu), Omejevanje uživanja alkohola na ne več kot 3 enote / dan pri moških, in ne več kot 2 enoti / dan pri ženskah. [89] Po drugi svetovni vojni so razvili številne druge učinkovine, najbolj priljubljene in cenovno učinkovite med njimi so bile tetrametilamonijev klorid in njegov derivat heksametonij, hidralazin and rezerpin ((pridobljen iz zdravilne rastline »Rauwolfia serpentina«). Several classes of medications, collectively referred to as antihypertensive medications, are available for treating hypertension. [51], A 2018 review found that any alcohol increased blood pressure in males while over one or two drinks increased the risk in females. Razpoložljivost 24-urnih ambulantnih monitorjev krvnega tlaka in strojev za merjenje krvnega tlaka v domačem okolju je zaradi nevarnosti napačne diagnoze pri bolnikih, ki jim že samo pogled na belo haljo dvigne tlak, privedla do sprememb v protokolih. Odkrili so številne pogostne genske variante z majhnimi učinki na krvni tlak[13], kakor tudi nekatere redke genske variante z velikimi učinki na krvni tlak[14] vendar je genetsko ozadje za visok krvni tlak še vedno slabo razumljeno. [115] Medications for blood pressure control should be implemented by a stepped care approach when target levels are not reached. Pri svakom izbacivanju krvi iz srca (sistola) tlak se povisuje, a kod ulijevanja krvi u srce (dijastola) tlak se snizuje. Vysoký krevní tlak patří mezi časté zdravotní problémy. [23], Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis. V nejrůznějších diskuzích často slýcháme o optimálním krevním tlaku 120/80 mm Hg. Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium,[117][118] the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension),[119] plant-based diets,[120] and green tea consumption. Zjištěná hypertenze (vysokého krevního tlaku) je definována jako hodnota systolického tlaku nejméně 140 mmHga/nebo diastolická hodnota nejméně 90 mmHg. Bolezni ledvic so najpogostejši drugotni vzrok za visok krvni tlak. Dle statistik se s hypertenzí léčíokolo 20% dospělých osob. [61], Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion. 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[72] The bladder should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mmHg. [81][82] V 2006 je zaradi visokega krvnega tlaka trpelo 76 milijonov odraslih v ZDA (34 % prebivalstva), pri čemer imajo Afroameričani s 44 % eno najvišjih pogostnosti za visok krvni tlak na svetu.
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